Introduction: The Ghost in the Machine
Imagine waking up to a world where any voice on the internet—television, social media, news websites—can be manufactured with perfect realism. Not just a deepfake video or a synthetic voice, but whole news sites, bot armies, and even digital operatives generated and controlled by artificial intelligence.
This is not science fiction. Welcome to the new reality of AI-Driven Disinformation Campaigns.
AI is no longer just a technological marvel; it’s becoming a geopolitical weapon. Nations, private operators, and cyber-mercenary firms are leveraging generative AI to produce convincing propaganda, influence elections, and destabilize democracies — all at a scale and speed previously unimaginable.
This investigative article dives into the forces fueling this new wave of disinformation, looks at who profits from it, and explores what this means for global power dynamics. If you believe that disinformation was bad before — think again.
What Makes AI-Driven Disinformation Different—and More Dangerous
To understand the threat, we need to first clarify what sets AI-generated disinformation apart from older propaganda:
- Scale & Speed
Generative AI can produce thousands of articles, tweets, images, and even audio clips in minutes. According to a Frontiers research paper, the number of AI-written fake-news sites grew more than tenfold in just a year. (Frontiers) - Believability
Deepfake capabilities now include not just video, but lifelike voice cloning. A European Parliament report notes a 118% increase in deepfake use in 2024 alone, especially in voice-based AI scams. (European Parliament) - Automation of Influence Operations
Disinformation actors are automating entire influence campaigns. Rather than a handful of human propagandists, AI helps deploy bot networks, write narratives, and tailor messages in real time. As PISM’s analysis shows, actors are already using generative models to coordinate bot networks and mass-distribute content. (Pism) - Lower Risk, Higher Access
AI lowers the bar for influence operations. State and non-state actors alike can rent “Disinformation-as-a-Service” (DaaS) models, making it cheap and efficient to launch campaigns.
Who’s Behind the Campaigns — The Key Players
Understanding who benefits from these campaigns is critical. Below are the main actors driving AI-powered disinformation — and their motivations.
Authoritarian States & Strategic Rivals
- Russia: Long a pioneer in influence operations, Russia is now using AI to scale its propaganda. In Ukraine and Western Europe, Russian-linked operations such as the “Doppelgänger” campaign mimic real media outlets using cloned websites to spread pro-Kremlin narratives. (Wikipedia)
- China: Through campaigns like “Spamouflage,” China’s state-linked networks use AI-generated social media accounts to promote narratives favorable to Beijing and harass dissidents abroad. (Wikipedia)
- Multipolar Cooperation: According to Global Influence Ops reporting, China and Russia are increasingly cooperating in AI disinformation operations that target Western democracies — sharing tools, tech, and narratives. (GIOR)
These states benefit strategically: AI enables scaled, deniable information warfare that can sway public opinion, weaken rival democracies, and shift geopolitical power.
Private Actors & Cyber-Mercenaries
- Team Jorge: This Israeli cyber-espionage firm has been exposed as running disinformation campaigns alongside hacking and influence operations, including dozens of election manipulation efforts. (Wikipedia)
- Storm Propaganda Networks: Recordings and research have identified Russian-linked “Storm” groups (like Storm-1516) using AI-generated articles and websites to flood the web with propaganda. (Wikipedia)
- Pravda Network: A pro-Russian network publishing millions of pro-Kremlin articles yearly, designed to influence training datasets for large language models (LLMs) and steer AI-generated text. (Wikipedia)
These actors make money through contracts, influence campaigns, and bespoke “bot farms” for hire — turning disinformation into a business.
Emerging Threat Vectors and Campaign Styles
AI-driven disinformation isn’t one-size-fits-all. Here are the ways it’s being used today:
Electoral Manipulation
- Africa: According to German broadcaster DW, AI disinformation is already being used to target election processes in several African nations, undermining trust in electoral authorities. (Deutsche Welle)
- South America: A report by ResearchAndMarkets predicts a 350–550% increase in AI-driven disinformation by 2026, particularly aimed at social movements, economic policies, and election integrity. (GlobeNewswire)
- State-Sponsored Influence: Russian and Iranian agencies have allegedly used AI to produce election-related disinformation, prompting U.S. sanctions on groups involved in such operations. (The Verge)
Deepfake Propaganda and Voice Attacks
- Olympics Deepfake: Microsoft uncovered a campaign featuring a deepfake Tom Cruise video, allegedly produced by a Russia-linked group, to undermine the Paris 2024 Olympics. (The Guardian)
- Voice Cloning and “Vishing”: Audio deepfakes are now used to impersonate individuals in voice phishing attacks, something the EU Parliament warns is on the rise. (European Parliament)
Training Data Poisoning
Bad actors are intentionally injecting false or extreme content into training datasets for LLMs. These “prompt-injection” or data poisoning attacks aim to subtly twist model outputs, making them more sympathetic to contentious or extreme narratives. (Pism)
H3: Bot Networks & AI-Troll Farms
AI enables the creation of highly scalable, semi-autonomous bot networks. These accounts can generate mass content, interact with real users, and amplify narratives in highly coordinated ways — essentially creating digital echo chambers and artificial viral campaigns.
Who Benefits — And What Are the Risks?
Strategic Advantages for Authoritarian Regimes
- Plausible Deniability: AI campaign operations can be launched via synthetic accounts, making attribution difficult.
- Scalable Influence: With AI content generation, propaganda becomes cheap and scalable.
- Disruptive Power: Democracies become destabilized not by traditional military power but by information warfare that erodes trust.
Profits For Cyber-Mercenaries
Disinformation-as-a-Service (DaaS) firms are likely to be among the biggest winners. These outfits can deploy AI-powered influence operations for governments or commercial clients, charging for strategy, reach, and impact.
Technology Firms’ Double-Edged Role
AI companies are in a precarious position. Their tools are being used for manipulation — but they also build detection systems.
- Cyabra, for example, provides AI-powered platforms to detect malicious deepfakes or bot-driven narratives. (Wikipedia)
- Public and private pressure is growing for AI companies to label synthetic content, restrict certain uses, and build models that resist misuse.
Danger to Democracy and Civil Society
- Erosion of Trust: When citizens can’t trust what they see and hear, institutional legitimacy collapses.
- Polarization: AI disinformation exacerbates social divisions by hyper-targeting narratives to groups.
- Manipulation of Marginalized Communities: In regions with weaker media literacy, AI propaganda can have disproportionate effects.
Global Responses and the Road to Resilience
How are governments, institutions, and societies responding — and what should be done?
Policy and Regulation
- The EU is tightening rules on AI via the AI Act, alongside the Digital Services Act to require transparency and oversight. (Pism)
- At a 2025 summit, global leaders emphasized the need for international cooperation to regulate AI espionage and disinformation. (DISA)
Tech Countermeasures
- Develop “content provenance” systems: tools that can reliably detect whether content is AI-generated.
- Deploy counter-LLMs: AI models that specialize in detecting malicious synthetic media.
- Use threat intelligence frameworks like FakeCTI, which extract structured indicators from narrative campaigns, making attribution and response more efficient. (arXiv)
Civil Society Action
- Increase media literacy: Citizens must understand not just what they consume, but who created it.
- Fund independent fact-checking: Especially in vulnerable regions, real-time verification can beat synthetic content.
- Support cross-border alliances: Democracy-defense coalitions must monitor and respond to AI influence ops globally.
Conclusion: A New Age of Influence Warfare
We are witnessing the dawn of a new kind of geopolitical contest — not fought in battlegrounds or missile silos, but online, in the heart of information networks.
AI-Driven Disinformation Campaigns represent a paradigm shift:
- Actors can produce content at scale with unprecedented realism.
- Influence operations can be automated and highly targeted.
- Democratic institutions face a stealthy, potent threat from synthetic narratives.
State actors, cyber firms, and opportunistic mercenaries all have a stake — but it’s often the global citizen and the integrity of democracy that pays the highest price.
AI is a tool — and like all tools, its impact depends on who wields it, and how.
Call to Action
- Share this post with your network: help raise awareness about these hidden AI risks.
- Stay informed: follow institutions working on AI policy, fact-checking, and digital resilience.
- Support regulation: advocate for meaningful, global standards on AI to prevent its abuse in disinformation.
- Educate others: host or join community events, online webinars, and local discussions about media literacy and AI.
The fight for truth in the age of AI is just beginning — and everyone has a part to play.
References
- Cyber.gc.ca report on generative AI polluting information ecosystems (Canadian Centre for Cyber Security)
- PISM analysis of disinformation actors using AI (Pism)
- World Economic Forum commentary on deepfakes (World Economic Forum)
- KAS study on AI-generated disinformation in Europe & Africa (Konrad Adenauer Stiftung)
- NATO-cyber summit coverage on AI disinformation (DISA)
- AI Disinformation & Security Report 2025 (USA projections) (GlobeNewswire)
- Global Disinformation Threats in South America report (GlobeNewswire)
- Ukraine-focused hybrid-warfare analysis on AI’s role in Kremlin disinformation (Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Library)
- Academic research on automated influence ops using LLMs (arXiv)
- Cyber threat intelligence using LLMs (FakeCTI) (arXiv)










